A Scholastic List of Definitions for Philosophical Terms
In Latin | In English | |
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Habitus Intellectivi | Intellective Habits | |
1 | Intellectus = habitus primorum principiorum speculativorum | Understanding = the habit of the first speculative principles. |
2 | Sapientia = cognitio rerum omnium per altissimas causas | Wisdom = knowledge of all things by the highest causes. |
3 | Scientia = cognitio certa per causas | Science = certain knowledge through causes. |
4 | Ars = recta ratio factibilium | Art = the right reason of things to be made. |
5 | Prudentia = recta ratio agibilium | Prudence = the right reason of things to be done (operations). |
6 | Theologia = scientia de Deo ex Revelatione procedens | Theology = science of God proceeding from Revelation. |
7 | Philosophia = scientia rerum omnium per causas altissimas, naturali ratione comparata | Philosophy = science of all things through the highest causes, obtained by natural reason. |
8 | Metaphysica = scientia entis inquantum entis | Metaphysics = science of being in so far as being. |
9 | Criteriologia = pars metaphisicae defensiva principiorum cognitionis humanae | Criteriology = part of metaphysics which defends the principles of human knowledge. |
10 | Synderesis = habitus primorum principiorum practicorum | Synderesis = habit of the first practical principles. |
Actus Intellettivi | Intellective Actions | |
In generali: | In general: | |
11 | Cognoscere = Habere intentionaliter in se formam (sicut) alterius rei | To have knowledge = to have intentionally in oneself a form as the form of another. |
12 | (seu) = aliud fieri inquantum aliud | (or) = to become another insofar as other. |
13 | Intelligere = cognoscere rerum essentias | To understand = to know the essences of things. |
14 | Scire = cognoscere causam propter quam res est, quod huius causa est, et non potest aliter se habere | To know = to grasp the cause telling why the thing is, the fact that it is the cause of it, and that it cannot be otherwise (the thing cannot have another cause). |
15 | Sentire = cognoscere rerum materialium qualitates patibiles | To sense = to know the passible qualities of material things. |
16 | Veritas = adequatio rei et intellectus | Truth = conformity of thing and intellect. |
17 | Veritas logica = adequatio intellectus ad rem | Logical truth = conformity of intellect to thing. |
18 | Veritas ontologica = adequatio rei ad intellectum | Ontological truth = conformity of thing to intellect. |
19 | Intentio prima = actus quo mens in ens reale tendit | First intention = the act by which the mind tends to a real being. |
20 | Intentio secunda = actus quo mens in ens rationis tendit | Second intention = the act by which the mind tends to a being of reason. |
21 | Intentio formalis = ipse actus mentis tendentis in aliquid | Formal intention = the act itself of the mind tending towards something. |
22 | Intentio objectiva = obiectum in quo mens tendit | Objective intention = the object towards which the mind tends. |
Prima Operatio Intellectus | First Operation of the Intellect | |
23 | Simplex apprehensio = operatio qua intellectus aliquam quidditatem intelligit, quin quidquam de ea affirmet | Simple apprehension = the operation by which the intellect understands some quiddity without affirming anything about it. |
24 | Abstractio = operatio intellectus agentis qua ex pluribus in re coniunctis unum sine altero considerat | Abstraction = this operation of the agent intellect which considers one thing without another out of several united in reality. |
25 | Ens rationis = ens quod habet esse obiective in intellectu tantum | Being of reason = being which has objective being in the intellect alone. |
26 | Negatio = ens rationis quo non ens ad modum entis concipitur | Negation = being of reason by which non‑being is conceived as a being (Gredt 110; negation = genus of the being of reason). |
27 | Conceptus = simplex intellectualis repraesentatio quidditatis alicuius rei | Concept = simple intellectual representation of the quiddity of something. |
28 | Notio = Propria ratio qua res menti innotescit | Notion = proper reason by which the thing is made known to the mind. |
29 | Analogia = habitudo diversorum inter se vi cuius eodem nomine designantur | Analogy = the mutual relation of diverse things by which they are designated by the same name. |
30 | Analogia attributionis = habitudo unius vel plurium ad aliquod unum vi cuius nomen quod huic convenit in sensu proprio et stricto de illo vel illis dicitur | Analogy of attribution = the relation of one or several things to some one thing by which the name applies properly and strictly to the latter is said also of the former(s). |
31 | Analogia proportionalitatis = aequalitas duarum proportionum inter se | Analogy of proportion = the mutual equality of two proportions. |
32 | Notae conceptus = elementa vel aspectus intelligibiles huius conceptus quos mens in eo discernit et qui ad eum pertinent necessarie | The notes of a concept = the intelligible elements or aspects of this concept which the mind discerns and which belong to it necessarily. |
33 | Terminus (oralis) = vox significativa ad placitum | Term (oral) = arbitrary vocal sign. |
34 | Universale = unum aptum inesse pluribus | Universal = one apt to be inherent in many. |
35 | Universale in essendo = una natura in multis | Universal in being = one nature in many. |
36 | Universale in praedicando = una natura de multis | Universal as predicable = one nature said of many. |
37 | Praedicabile = modus universalitatis quo unum pluribus inesse potest et de ipsis praedicari | Predicable = the mode of universality by which one thing can be in many and be predicated of them. |
38 | Genus = universale respiciens inferiora specie distincta, IN QUID INCOMPLETE | Genus = the universal in regards to its inferiors specifically distinct with incomplete quiddity. |
39 | Species = universale respiciens inferiora numero distincta, IN QUID COMPLETE | Species = the universal in regards to its inferiors numerically distinct, with complete quiddity. |
40 | Differentia specifica = universale respiciens inferiora, IN QUALE QUID | Specific difference = the universal in regards to its inferiors, as qualifying the quiddity. |
41 | Proprium = universale respiciens inferiora, in quale accidentaliter et necessarie | Proper = the universal in regards to its inferiors, as qualifying accidentally and necessarily. |
42 | Accidens = universale respiciens inferiora, in quale accidentaliter et contingenter | Accident = the universal in regards to its inferiors, as qualifying accidentally and contingently. |
43 | Suppositio = termini pro re aliqua significanda usurpatio | Supposition = the use of the term to signify something. |
Secunda Operatio Intellectus | Second Operation of the Intellect | |
44 | Iudicium = actus intellectus quo componit vel dividit affirmando vel negando | Judgment = the act of the intellect which composes or divides by affirming or denying. |
45 | Assensus = actus quo intellectus inhaeret iudicio formato | Assent = the act by which the intellect adheres to a given judgment. |
46 | Oratio = sequentia terminorum | Oration (phrase) = sequence of terms. |
47 | Propositio = oratio quae aliquid de aliquo affirmat vel negat | Proposition = a phrase which affirms or denies something about something. |
48 | Divisio = oratio rem vel nomen per suas partes distribuens | Division = a sentence which separates a thing or a noun into different parts. |
49 | Definitio = oratio naturam rei aut termini significationem exponens | Definition = the sequence which exposes the nature of a thing or the signification of a term. |
50 | Primum principium = propositio per se nota omnibus | First principle = a proposition known to all necessarily (per se). |
51 | Conscientia moralis = iudicium rationis practicae circa moralitatem actionum | Moral conscience = the judgment of the practical reason concerning the morality of the acts. |
Tertia Operatio Intellectus | Third Operations of the Intellect | |
52 | Ratiocinium = actus mentis quo convenientia vel repuqnantia duarum idearum infertur ex proportione quam habent cum una tertia notione | Reasoning = the act of the mind by which the convenience or disconvenience of two ideas is inferred by the proportion (conformity / difformity) which they have to a third notion. |
53 | Argumentum = oratio significans sequelam unius ex alio | Argument = a phrase which signifies the passage of one thing from another. |
54 | Syllogismus = ratiocinium quo, duabus propositionibus positis, alia infertur necessarie ex ipsa positione antecedentium | Syllogism = reasoning by which, out of two proportions, another is necessarily inferred from the affirmation of the premises. |
55 | Inductio = a singularibus sufficienter enumeratis, ad universale progressio | Induction = progression towards a universal statement from singulars sufficiently enumerated. |
56 | Demonstratio = syllogismus faciens scire | Demonstration = a syllogism which makes something known. |
57 | = syllogismus constans ex veris, primis, immediatis, prioribus, notioribus causisque conclusionis | = a syllogism based on the true, first, immediate, proper and more known causes of the conclusion. |
Transcendentalia | Transcendentals | |
58 | Transcendentale = universalis modus entis inquantum entis | Transcendental‑ a universal mode of being insofar as being. |
59 | Ens = id cuius actus est esse | Being = that whose act is to be. |
60 | = id quod habet esse | = that which has being. |
61 | = id quod exercet actum essendi | = that which exercises the act of being. |
62 | Res = synonymum entis dicens potius eius essentiam | Thing = a synonym of being saying rather its essence. |
63 | Unum = ens indivisum | One = undivided being. |
64 | Aliquid = ens divisum ab aliis et a non ente | Something = being divided from others and non‑being. |
65 | Verum = ens relate ad intellectum | True = being in relation to the intellect. |
66 | Bonum = ens relate ad appetitum | Good = being in relation to the will. |
67 | Pulchrum = id quod apprehensum placet | Beautiful = what pleases when apprehended. |
Actus – Potentia | Act ‑ Potency | |
68 | Esse = id quo ens est, vel exsistit | To be = that by which the being is, or exists. |
69 | Exsistere = poni extra causas et extra nihil | To exist = to be placed outside of its causes and out of nothing. |
70 | Consistere = ex componentibus componi | To consist = to be composed out of components. |
71 | Actus = entitas perficiens et determinans rem in suo ordine | Act = an entity which perfects and determines a thing according to its nature. |
72 | Perfectio = (late) actualitas quaecumque | Perfection = (broad sense) any act/entity |
73 | = (stricte) plenitudo entis cui nullus deficit actus ad eius plenam actualitatem requisitus | = (strict sense) the plenitude of a being which is lacking no act necessary to its full actuation. |
74 | Potentia = entitas imperfecta capax perfectionis | Potency = imperfect entity capable of perfection. |
75 | Privatio = carentia perfectionis in subiecto apto | Privation = lack of perfection in a disposed subject. |
76 | Malum = privatio boni debiti | Evil = privation of a due good. |
77 | Potentia obedientialis = elevabilitas naturae ad actum excedentem omnes naturales vires | Obediential potency = the elevability of nature to an act exceeding all its natural powers. |
78 | Motus = actus entis in potentia quatenus in potentia | Movement = the act of a being in potency insofar as it is in potency. |
79 | Necessarium = id quod non potest non esse | Necessary = that which cannot not be. |
80 | Contingens = id quod potest non esse | Contingent = that which can be not. |
Praedicamenta | Predicaments | |
81 | Praedicamentum = genus supremum entis | Predicament = the supreme genus of being. |
82 | Substantia = id cui competit esse in se et non in alia sicut in subiecto | Substance = that to which it belongs to be in itself and not in another as in a subject. |
83 | Subsistere = esse in se et non in alio sicut in subiecto | To subsist = to be in itself and not in another as in a subject. |
84 | Individuum = indivisum in se et divisum a quolibet alio | Individual = a thing undivided in itself and divided from everything else. |
85 | Suppositum = substantia individua completa in ratione speciei | Supposit = an individuated substance complete in its species. |
86 | Subsistentia = modus naturalis positivus terminans naturam in linea essentiae | Subsistence = a positive and natural mode terminating the nature in the line of essence. |
87 | Persona = suppositum naturae rationalis | Person = the supposit of a rational nature. |
88 | Personalitas = subsistentia personae | Personality = the subsistence of a person. |
89 | Materia = id ex quo aliquid fit | Matter = that out of which something becomes. |
90 | Materia prima = subiectum primum ex quo, cum insit, fit aliquid et non per accidens | Prime matter = the first subject out of which, something while in it, becomes but not by accident. |
91 | Forma = elementum determinativum cuiuscumque essentiae | Form = the determinative element of every essence. |
92 | Essentia = id quo ens est id quod est | Essence = that by which a being is what it is. |
93 | Natura = principium et causa motus et quietis eius in quo est per se et non secundum accidens | Nature = the principle and cause of motion and rest of a thing in which it is necessarily and not accidentally. |
94 | Species = forma determinans complete essentiam rei | Species = the form determining completely the essence of a thing. |
95 | Quidditas = synonymum essentiae, quo respondetur quaestioni super rem "quid est ?’ | Quiddity = a synonym of essences by which one answers the question about a thing, "what is it?" |
96 | Anima = actus primus corporis in potentia viventis | Soul = the first act of a body living in potency. |
97 | Vita = sui‑motio | Life = self motion. |
98 | Accidens = id cui competit esse in alio et non in se sicut in subiecto inhaesionis | Accident = that to which it belongs to be in another an not in itself as in a subject. |
99 | Qualitas = accidens determinativum seu modificativum substantiae in seipsa | Quality = accident determining or modifying the substance in itself. |
100 | Habitus = qualitas stabilis disponens subiectum ad bene vel male esse sive operari | Habit = stable quality disposing the subject to be or act well or bad. |
101 | Dispositio = qualitas facile mobilis disponens subiectum ad bene vel male esse sive operari | Disposition = quality easily mobile disposing the subject to be or act well or bad. |
102 | Potentia (operativa) = principium proximum agendi simpliciter et absolute | Operative potency = proximate principle of acting simply and absolutely. |
103 | Patibilis qualitas = accidens diu permanens sensibilem alterationem causans vel ab alteratione sensibili causatum | Passible quality = a lasting accident causing a sensible alteration or caused by a sensible alteration. |
104 | Forma vel Figura = qualitas seu modus in corpore ex terminatione quantitatis | Form/figure = quality or mode in the body produced by the completion of quantity. |
105 | Intellectus = potentia cognoscitiva essentiarum rerum | Intellect = the power of knowing the essences of things. |
106 | Appetitus inclinatio sequens formam | Appetite = the inclination seeking/following a form. |
107 | Voluntas = appetitus intellectivus | Will = intellective appetite. |
108 | Beatitudo = bonum perfectum intellectualis naturae | Beatitude = perfect good of the intellective nature. |
109 | Quantitas = accidens extensivum substantiae in partes | Quantity = the accident which extends the substance into different parts. |
110 | Relatio = accidens cuius totum inesse est ad aliud se habere | Relation = the accident whose whole being is to be ordered to another. |
111 | Actio = motus potentiae operativae ut a potentia procedens | Action = the movement of the operative power insofar as it proceeds from the power. |
112 | Passio = accidens per quod subiectum constituitur actu recipiens effectum ab agente | Passion = the accident by which the subject becomes the receiver in act of the effect of the agent. |
113 | Ubi = id ratione cuius res in loco constituitur | Where = that by which a thing is constituted in a place. |
114 | Locus = corporis ambientis terminus primus immobilis | Place = first immobile extremity of the surface of a body. |
115 | Situs = accidens disponens rem locatam in ordine ad locum; ordo partium in loco | Position = accident disposing the thing localized in relation to the place; the order of the parts in the place. |
116 | Quando = accidens in re durante, ex adiacentione temporis a quo rei illius duratio mensuratus est | When = accident of a thing which has some duration, which is measured by addition of time. |
Tempus = numerus motus secundum prius et posterius | Time = measure of the movement according to before and after. | |
118 | Habitus = illa affectio quae in subiecto ex vestimento resultat | Habit = that particular addition to the subject which results from a garment. |
Relationes – Comparationes | Relations ‑ Comparisons | |
119 | Relatio = ordo unius ad aliud | Relation = the order of one thing to another. |
120 | Relatio transcendentalis = ordo entis absoluti per se ordinati | Transcendental relation = the order of an absolute being ordered necessarily (per se). |
121 | Signum = id quod praeter speciem quam ingerit sensibus facit aliquid aliud in cognitionem devenire | Sign = that which, besides the species produced in the senses, reveals the knowledge of something else. |
122 | Principium = id a quo aliquid procedit quocumque modo | Principle = that from which something proceeds in any way. |
123 | Causa = omne quod influit esse rei | Cause = whatever influences the being of a thing. |
124 | Causa efficiens = id quod actione sua rem producit in esse | Efficient cause = that which by its action produces the thing in existence. |
125 | Causa finalis = id propter quod aliquid fit | Final cause = that for the sake of which something becomes. |
126 | Distincta = ea quorum unum non est aliud | Distinct things = those things, one of which is not the other. |
127 | Diversa = ea quae nullam convenientiam habent, et seipsis differunt | Diverse things = those things which have nothing in common, and differ among themselves. |
128 | Differentia = ea quae aliquam convenientiam habent et per aliquid superadditum differunt | Different things = those things which have something in common, and differ by some addition. |
129 | Oppositio = habitudo plurium inter se vi cuius eidem sub eodem aspectu simul convenire nequeunt | Opposition = relation between several things by which they cannot agree in the same thing under the same aspect simultaneously. |
130 | Oppositio contradictoria = oppositio inter rem eiusque negationem | Contradictory opposition = the opposition between a thing and its negation. |
131 | Oppositio privativa = oppositio inter rem eiusque privationem | Privative opposition = the opposition between a thing and its privation. |
132 | Oppositio contratia = oppositio inter ea quae in eodem genere maxime distant | Contrary opposition = the opposition between those things which are most distant in the same genus. |
133 | Oppositio relativa = oppositio inter ea quae ordinem sive respectum ad invicem dicunt | Relative opposition = the opposition between those thing which are ordained or have respect to each other. |
134 | Aeternitas = interminabilis vitae tota simul et perfecta possessio | Eternity = wholesome, simultaneous, and perfect possession of the interminable life. |
135 | Creatio = productio ex nihilo et subjecti | Creation = production from nothing of its own or of the subjects. |
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